{"id":120,"date":"2018-05-26T15:46:48","date_gmt":"2018-05-26T07:46:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rebecca.defjia.top\/?p=120"},"modified":"2018-05-26T15:52:08","modified_gmt":"2018-05-26T07:52:08","slug":"lecture-8-sematics-%e8%af%ad%e4%b9%89%e5%ad%a6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rebecca.defjia.top\/index.php\/archives\/120","title":{"rendered":"Lecture 8-Sematics \u8bed\u4e49\u5b66"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>I. Definition of semantics<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Semantics is<span style=\"color: #ff4400;\"> the study of meaning<\/span>. More specifically, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.<\/li>\n<li>remains the least known area in linguistics<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>II. The meaning of \u201cmeaning\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards<\/strong> put forward this issue in the book The Meaning of Meaning in 1923.<\/li>\n<li><strong>7 types of meaning<\/strong> are recognized by <strong>Geoffrey Leech<\/strong> (1974) in his semantics.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Conceptual meaning(denotative meaning)\u6982\u5ff5\u610f\u4e49<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Associative meaning\u8054\u60f3\u610f\u4e49\uff1a<br \/>\n2. Connotative meaning\u5185\u6db5\u610f\u4e49<br \/>\n3. Social meaning\u793e\u4f1a\u610f\u4e49<br \/>\n4. Affective meaning\u60c5\u611f\u610f\u4e49<br \/>\n5. Reflected meaning\u53cd\u6620\u610f\u4e49<br \/>\n6. Collocative meaning\u642d\u914d\u610f\u4e49<br \/>\n7. Thematic meaning\u4e3b\u9898\u610f\u4e49<\/p>\n<p><strong>III. The referential theory<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The theory of meaning which relates<span style=\"color: #ff4400;\"> the meaning of a word<\/span> to <span style=\"color: #ff4400;\">the thing<\/span> it refers to, or it stands for.<\/li>\n<li>Problems of referential theory:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>There is<span style=\"color: #ff4400;\"> something behind<\/span> the concrete thing we can see with our eyes.<\/li>\n<li>There are many words that <span style=\"color: #ff4400;\">do not have a reference<\/span>.\u00a0 E.g. dinosaur, ghost, God<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>It is argued that the relation between a word and its reference is<span style=\"color: #ff4400;\"> not direct<\/span>, but is <span style=\"color: #ff4400;\">mediated by concept<\/span> (Odgen and Richards). \u2192 The Semantic Triangle<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>IV. Semantic relations<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>I)<\/strong> Three kinds of semantic relations among words<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>i)<\/strong> Synonymy: the sameness relation<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Absolute synonymy is very rare. The so-called synonyms are all <span style=\"color: #ff4400;\">context dependent.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Differ in <span style=\"color: #ff4400;\">style,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ff4400;\">connotation\u00a0<\/span>and sometimes <span style=\"color: #ff4400;\">dialectal<\/span> differences<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>ii)<\/strong> Antonymy: oppositeness relation<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">\u00d8gradable antonymy \u7a0b\u5ea6\/\u7b49\u7ea7\u53cd\u4e49: good&amp;bad, big&amp;small<br \/>\n\u00d8complementary antonymy \u4e92\u8865\u53cd\u4e49: male&amp;female, innocent&amp;guilty, present&amp;absent<br \/>\n\u00d8converse antonymy \u53cd\u5411\u53cd\u4e49\uff08\u4e24\u8005\u4e92\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\uff09buy&amp;sell, teacher&amp;student<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>iii)<\/strong> Hyponymy-a matter of class membership \u4e0a\u4e0b\u4e49\u73b0\u8c61<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Superordinate\u4e0a\u4f4d\u8bcd, hyponym\u4e0b\u4f4d\u8bcd, co-hyponyms\u540c\u4e0b\u4f4d\u8bcd<\/li>\n<li>\u00d8A superordinate may be a superordinate to itself.<br \/>\n\u00d8A superordinate may be missing.<br \/>\n\u00d8Hyponyms may also be missing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Polysemy refers to a word that has<span style=\"color: #ff4400;\"> two or more<\/span> related meanings. \u4e00\u8bcd\u591a\u4e49<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Homophony \uff08\u540c\u97f3\u5f02\u4e49\uff09<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A single form has two or more entirely distinct meanings.<\/li>\n<li>Homophones need not have identical spellings<br \/>\ne.g. write-right piece-peace\u00a0flower- flour<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>II)<\/strong> Semantic relations involving sentences<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Paraphrase, entailment, contradiction<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>V. Componential analysis<\/strong> (semantic decomposition)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Definition:\u00a0The analysis of<span style=\"color: #ff4400;\"> lexical items<\/span> in terms of <span style=\"color: #ff4400;\">semantic<\/span> features or semantic components<\/li>\n<li>Boy: [+Human], [-Adult], [+Male]<\/li>\n<li>The componential analysis may explain <span style=\"color: #ff4400;\">sense relations<\/span> between words or sentences.<\/li>\n<li><strong><\/strong>Problems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1. Polysemous words<br \/>\n2. Some semantic components are seen as binary taxonomies. \u4e8c\u5143\u5206\u7c7b<br \/>\n3. Words whose semantic components are difficult to ascertain.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I. Definition of semantics Semantics is the study  [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rebecca.defjia.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/120"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rebecca.defjia.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rebecca.defjia.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rebecca.defjia.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rebecca.defjia.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=120"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/rebecca.defjia.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/120\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":134,"href":"https:\/\/rebecca.defjia.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/120\/revisions\/134"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rebecca.defjia.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=120"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rebecca.defjia.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=120"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rebecca.defjia.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=120"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}