I. The Definition of Syntax
- words combined to form sentences
II. Syntactic relations
- Positional relation (word order): sequential arrangement
C-selection (Categorial Selection)范畴/语类选择
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S-selection (semantic selection)语义选择: The predicates may impose semantic restrictions
ØSyntagmatic relation observed by F. D. Saussure ØHorizontal relations ØChain relations
- Relation of substitutability
ØAssociative relations by Saussure ØParadigmatic relation by Hjemslev
ØVertical relation Øchoice relation
- Relation of co-occurrence 共现关系
III. Immediate Constituent analysis
- definition
- Tests for constituenthood
- The substitution test
- The movement test
- The coordination test
- Tree diagram/bracketing p77
NP, PP, VP, IP, CP
IV. Endocentric and exocentric constructions
- Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents. (Usually NP, VP, and AdjP )
Construction: coordination; subordination
- Exocentric construction
V. Syntactic function
Subject; predicate; object
VI. Category
- Number: singular, plural, dual, trial
- Gender: masculine, feminine, neuter
- Case: nominative (主格), accusative(宾格), genitive(属格), dative(与格)
- Concord(agreement)
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