Lecture 7-Syntax 句法学

I. The Definition of Syntax

• words combined to form sentences

II. Syntactic relations

• Positional relation (word order): sequential arrangement

C-selection (Categorial Selection)范畴/语类选择
???
S-selection (semantic selection)语义选择: The predicates may impose semantic restrictions

ØSyntagmatic relation observed by F. D. Saussure ØHorizontal relations ØChain relations

• Relation of substitutability

ØAssociative relations by Saussure ØParadigmatic relation by Hjemslev
ØVertical relation Øchoice relation

• Relation of co-occurrence 共现关系

III. Immediate Constituent analysis

• definition
• Tests for constituenthood

1. The substitution test
2. The movement test
3. The coordination test

• Tree diagram/bracketing p77

NP, PP, VP, IP, CP

IV. Endocentric and exocentric constructions

• Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents. (Usually NP, VP, and AdjP )

Construction: coordination; subordination

• Exocentric construction

V. Syntactic function

Subject; predicate; object

VI. Category

• Number: singular, plural, dual, trial
• Gender: masculine, feminine, neuter
• Case: nominative (主格）, accusative（宾格）, genitive（属格）, dative（与格）
• Concord(agreement)